Linking words

Linking words are used to link ideas when writing. They enable the writing to flow from one idea to the next in a logical and cohesive way. There are three main types of linking words:

• conjunctions
• sentence connectors
• subordinators.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are the most common form of linking word. They are used to join two parts of a sentence together are generally in the middle of a sentence. There are seven co-ordinating conjuctions. These are:

• and
• but
• so
• or
• for
• nor
• yet.

Example

1. Choose the correct  connector I bought the CD you recommended, however/in spite of I didn’t like it. Although/In spite of we told her the truth, she didn’t believe us. Although/ In spite of their poor game, they won the match. The winner managed to overcome his rival in spite/although he was stronger Most people keep using cars although/however they cause much pollution. However/Despite feeling cold, they didn’t turn on the heater. Bill had a terrible headache; although/however he kept working. Despite/Although having all the necessary books, he doesn’t use them to study.

2. Use the appropriate  connector: although, however, in spite of/despite, nevertheless ………… she works a lot, she doesn’t deserve a raise. …………. not being prepared for the test, she had to do it. She was ill, she had to go to school. Everybody knows he is a liar, ………….. he was not dismissed. …………… it was sunny, there was nobody at the beach. Thomas will do the job ……………….. he is on holiday. ……………. arriving later he finished work earlier than the others. The new waitress seems honest and diligent, ………………….. the boss doesn’t like her.

3. Rewrite as follows. 1. Pam was not felling well, however she went to school. Although … In spite of … 2. Tom was seriously advised by his teacher, but he insisted in disturbing the class. Although … In spite of … 3. I tried several times, but I couldn’t find a taxi. Although, In spite of … 4. Although he felt tired, he stayed up to keep us company. Despite … 5. They didn’t have much time, however they came to visit us. In spite of …. 6. He is too old, but he still does his gymnastic every morning. Although …. In spite of / Despite …. 7. Although the shirts are very expensive, people buy them because they are trendy. In spite of … 8.      Although he had no qualifications for it, he got the job. In spite of …. Adapted from Ten Minute Test 2 (Porto Editora)

CORRECTION 1. Correction I bought the CD you recommended, however/although I didn’t like it. Although we told her the truth, she didn’t believe us. In spite of their poor game, they won the match. The winner managed to overcome his rival,  although he was stronger Most people keep using cars although they cause much pollution. Despite feeling cold, they didn’t turn on the heater. Bill had a terrible headache, however he kept working. Despite having all the necessary books, he doesn’t use them to study. 2. Correction Although she works a lot, she doesn’t deserve a raise. In spite of/despite not being prepared for the test, she had to do it. She was ill, however/ nevertheless she had to go to school. Everybody knows he is a liar, however/ nevertheless he was not dismissed. Although it was sunny, there was nobody at the beach. Thomas will do the job, although he is on holiday. In spite of/despite arriving later, he finished work earlier than the others. The new waitress seems honest and diligent, however/ nevertheless the boss doesn’t like her. 3. Correction 1. Although Pam was not felling well, she went to school. In spite of not feeling well, Pam went to school 2. Although Tom was seriously advised by his teacher, he insisted in disturbing the class. In spite of being seriously advised by his teacher, Tom insisted in disturbing the class. 3. Although I tried several times, I couldn’t find a taxi. In spite of tying several times, I couldn’t find a taxi. 4. Despite feeling tired, he stayed up to keep us company. 5. In spite of not having much time, they came to visit us. 6. Although he is too old, he still does his gymnastic every morning.  In spite of / Despite being too old, he still does his gymnastic every morning. 7. In spite of being very expensive, people buy the shirts because they are trendy. 8.     In spite of having no qualifications for it, he got the job.

Context Clues

Context Clues

เรื่อง เทคนิคการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์จากบริบท ประเภทการให้คำจำกัดความ

การให้คำจำกัดความ (Definition)
ในการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์ยาก ผู้อ่านอาจจะอาศัยการเดาความหมายจากการให้คำจำกัดความที่ผู้เขียนได้อธิบายความหมายของคำศัพท์ออกมาโดยตรง โดยที่ผู้อ่านไม่จำเป็นต้องเปิดหาความหมายของคำศัพท์จากพจนานุกรม คำชี้แนะที่เป็นตัวช่วยในการบอกความหมายประเภทการให้คำจำกัดความ ได้แก่

Verb to be (is, are)
mean
that is
refer to
called / be called
consist of
can be defined as

ตัวอย่างประโยคการให้คำจำกัดความ
- Geometry is one branch of mathematics about line, angles, and surfaces.
- A meteorite is a falling star that reaches the earth without burning up.
- Meat of deer is called venison.
- The earth’s hydrosphere consist of water on its surface, water, vapor in the air and even water that has soaked 
into the soil.
นอกจากนี้ยังมีเครื่องหมายวรรคตอน (Punctuations) ที่ถูกใช้เป็นตัวชี้แนะในการช่วยการเดาความหมายคำศัพท์ที่เราไม่คุ้นเคยอีก ได้แก่


, (comma)
,……, (commas)
……-…… (dash)
(…………) (parentheses)
ตัวอย่างการใช้เครื่องหมายวรรคตอนในการให้คำจำกัดความ
- A drone-male bee-takes 24 days to develop from the egg to a fully grown one.
- The edifice, the large building, on New Road was built in 1980.
- Dr. White’s speech was so bland (boring and mild) that everybody felt sleepy.

ตัวอย่างการแสดงแบบการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์จากบริบทประเภทการให้คำจำกัดความ
Example
Clue

1. The main section of a story book are called chapters.


Clue

2. A committee may be defined as any group interacting in regard to a common purpose.
เรื่อง การให้คำตัวอย่าง (Example)

ในการพิจารณาความหมายของคำศัพท์ที่เราไม่คุ้นเคย ผู้อ่านสามารถตีความหมายได้โดยอาศัยคำชี้แนะในบริบท ผู้เขียนอาจให้หรือยกตัวอย่างตามหลักคำศัพท์คำนั้น เพื่อให้ผู้อ่านมีความเข้าใจในความหมายของคำศัพท์นั้นดียิ่งขึ้น
คำชี้แนะประเภทให้หรือยกตัวอย่าง (Example Type)



………, for example / e.g. , ………
………, for instance , ………
………, such as , ………
………, as the following example shows , ………


ตัวอย่างเช่น ได้แก่ ยกตัวอย่าง, ดังต่อไปนี้, โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง
นอกจากนี้ยังมีเครื่องหมายวรรคตอน ได้แก่




- เครื่องหมาย dash
( ) เครื่องหมาย parenthesis
, เครื่องหมาย comma
; เครื่องหมาย semi-colon
: เครื่องหมาย colon


ตัวอย่าง
1. The book deals entirely with the physical sciences, for example, geograph, oceanography, and chemistry.
physical sciences เป็นคำศัพท์ที่ไม่รู้
For example เป็นคำชี้แนะ
Geography, oceanography, and chemistry เป็นตัวอย่างที่ผู้เขียนยกขึ้นมาอธิบาย
ดังนั้น physical sciences จึงมีความหมายว่า วิทยาศาสตร์กายภาพ ที่เกี่ยวกับวิชาภูมิศาสตร์ ที่ว่าด้วยมหาสมุทรและเคมี
2. The ocean floor has surface features similar to those of dry land ; for instance, plains, trenches, canyons, and
mountains.
3. Since a guinea pig isn’t carnivorous, it couldn’t eat the meat.
4. His behaviour was inexplicable ; no one could explain why he was always late at school.

ตัวอย่างการแสดงแบบการเรียนรู้เทคนิคการเดาความหมายจากบริบทประเภทการให้คำตัวอย่าง
(Example Types)

The ocean floor has surface features similar to those of dry land ; 

Clue

For instance, plains, trenches, canyons, and mountains.

The president of the company felt so despondent over its bankruptcy that he went into a deep depression.
			A)	excited
			B)	surprised and delighted
			C)	sad and hopeless
			D)	exhausted and weary
2			My father is despotic. I never get my way! There's no arguing with him because whatever he says, goes.
			A)	behaving like a ruler with absolute power
			B)	cruel, hurtful, and abusive
			C)	behaving in a loud, angry manner
			D)	open to other people's opinions
3			The French ambassador is extremely suave, by which I mean that he has ability to handle any social situation graciously.
			A)	able to speak more than one language
			B)	handsomely stylish
			C)	energetic
			D)	agreeably smooth and courteous
4			My brother is absolutely tenacious. For example, when he sets a goal for himself, he doesn't let anything stop him from achieving it.
			A)	silly and unreasonable
			B)	stubborn; refusing to give up
			C)	well-liked by others
			D)	always seeking help from others
5			Their teammate proved so unreliable--undependable--that they never knew whether he would show up for practice.
			A)	competitive
			B)	well-coordinated
			C)	undependable
			D)	highly committed
6			The aging actor is fastidious about her appearance: her clothes are beautifully tailored, her hair and make-up are flawless, and she is always perfectly groomed.
			A)	careless, uncaring
			B)	unable to take care of
			C)	having a sense of humor about
			D)	extremely careful about
7			Paul is very macho: he loves contact sports, fast cars, and war movies. In contrast, his twin bother, Saul, enjoys chess, hiking, and astronomy.
			A)	having an exaggerated sense of masculinity
			B)	being competitive with one's brother or sister
			C)	insecure; lacking confidence
			D)	having a cheerful nature
8			The ballet dancer so lithe that she seemed to glide across the stage.
			A)	difficult to work with
			B)	tall
			C)	displaying effortless grace
			D)	having a snobbish or arrogant attitude
9			South African leader Nelson Mandela is a magnanimous man who is respected worldwide for his courageous, lifelong effort on behalf of human rights.
			A)	unsuccessful
			B)	noble in mind and heart
			C)	wealthy, affluent
			D)	bitter and angry
10			The captain of the pep squad is vivacious when she performs, but the rest of the time she is calm and low-key.
			A)	lively, high-spirited
			B)	relaxed and easygoing
			C)	sad, unhappy
			D)	bored